Hello friends how does a computer origins, how the heck why there is now a highly sophisticated tool called the computer? Let friends, below we will describe about the history of computers how a computer could be born. Sure no one knows persih how a computer could be born, but his name also learn the history, would dig up the information from time to time, then summarized, grouped, and finally clarified born a history. The history of computers that we present is divided into four generations of computers, from the first generation of computer history up to the fourth generation of computer history.
History of the First Generation Computers
Beginning on the first generation computers was during the second world war, the countries involved in world war it sought to develop computers to maximize your strategic ability in managing owned by the computer. This affects the increased funding for computer development also participated accelerate the growth of technical progress. 1941, a German engineer named Konrad Zuse built a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Elsewhere there are also Party ally who also made other progress in the development of computer capabilities. In 1943, the British successfully completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus was given which serves to break the secret code used by the German state. The effect of The Colossus really is not much influenced the development of the computer industry, it could happen because of two reasons, namely: the first, Colossus is not a versatile computer in the English language "general purpose computer", he made just so I can break the secret code. Secondly, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war finished.
While the work done by the Americans at the time was producing an improvement when compared with other allies. A Harvard engineer named Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) in collaboration with IBM, succeeded in producing an electronic calculator for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is very large, ie the length of half a football field and also has a cable range of 500 miles (not huge). The computer is; The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. Mark I uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. Mark I beropreasi with slow, it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation and inflexible sequence of calculations that can not be changed. Mark I was able to perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
The development of other computers in those days was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was ENIAC for short, which was created thanks to the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Computer ENIAC consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer ENIAC is a very large computer resources he needs for 160kW.
ENIAC computer was designed by John Presper Eckert [1919-1995] and John W. Mauchly [1907-1980], is a versatile computer ENIAC [general-purpose computers] are able to work 1000 times faster when compared with the computer Mark I.
then there are the mid-1940s, John von Neumann [1903-1957] joined the team of the University of Pennsylvania in an effort to create a computer design concept to 40 years from now still be used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer [EDVAC] in 1945 with a good memory to hold data or programs. This method allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume his work again. The key factor von Neumann architecture is a central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I or stands for the Universal Automatic Computer I made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that utilizes the model of the von Neumann architecture.
United States Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One very impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC was successfully predict victory at Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the presidential election in the year 1952.
First generation computers can be characterized by the fact that operating instructions are made specifically for certain tasks. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" in the English language is a "machine language". This makes it difficult for the programmed computer and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time seemed very large) and the magnetic cylinder to functioning as a store of data.
History of computers second generation
second generation. In 1948, the invention of the transistor is very influential on the development of the computer era. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. thus resulting in, changing the size of the machines that had been electrically large to a size smaller.
The transistor used in computer technology began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic-core memory, help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its previous predecessor. The first machine that can take advantage of this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM created a supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand called LARC. This computer, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. LARC computer machines were very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, so that its popularity is limited. There are only two LARC ever installed and used, namely one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the others are in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC This second generation of computers have replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
then in the early 1960's, began popping up a successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a computer that is completely been using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
as one important example of the computer at this time was the IBM 1401 which is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use the second generation of computers as a tool to process financial information company.
Program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. This flexibility increases computer performance at a reasonable price for the use of computers for business. With this concept, the computer can print invoices and then run the consumer purchases the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language COBOL abbreviated and abbreviated FORTRAN Formula Translator, was came into common use. These languages replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and set the computer. then came the new types of careers in fields such as computer programmers, analysts, computer technicians and others. The software industry was also beginning to emerge and evolve in the second generation of this computer.
The third generation of computer history
Although transistors in many ways have the ability to exceed the vacuum tube, but the transistor is too large to generate heat, which could potentially damage the parts inside the computer. later discovered Stone quartz or quartz rock that can eliminate this problem. An engineer at Texas Instruments, named Jack Kilby developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC can be combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. then the scientists managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. so as to produce a computer that is getting smaller because of the components present in it can be squeezed onto the chip. Third-generation development the other is the use of the operating system or in the English language operating system, namely a system that allows the engine can run many different programs simultaneously with a central program that monitored and coordinated control or engine computer memory.
The fourth generation of computer history
After the IC appeared, Computer Development goals
becomes more clear that is shrink the size of circuits and electronic components. Large Scale Integration or LSI may contain hundreds of components onto one chip. Later in the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration or VLSI contains thousands of components in a single chip.
ULSI or the so-called Ultra-Large Scale Integration able to increase the number into the millions. The ability to install many components in a single chip measuring one-half push coins falling computer prices and sizes
It was also able to increase power, efficiency and reliability of computers. Intel 4004 chip that was created in 1971 to bring the impact of improvements on the IC by putting all the components of a computer (ie central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Before that, the IC made to do a certain task-specific. and Now, a microprocessor can be created and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after that, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and also cars with electronic fuel injection, all equipped with a device called a microprocessor.
Such developments could enable ordinary people to use computers. The computer is no longer a dominance of large corporations or government agencies. then in the mid-1970s,
Computer assemblers offer the results of their computer creations to the general public. These computers, called a mini computer, mini computer was sold with the software package or software that is easy to use by the layman. Software or software the most popular at that time was word processing and spreadsheet programs.
Then in 1981, IBM tried to introduce the use of a computer machine called Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. In 1981 the use of Personal kumputer only 2 million units in 1981 lelonjak then rose to 5.5 million units. Then ten years later, as many as 65 million PCs have been used. Computers continue its evolution toward smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table is commonly referred to as desktop computers, a computer that can be inserted into a laptop bag or called, or even a computer that can be grasped the palm top.
because the computer has been able to clear the fields of business, then the emergence of competition between the IBM PC company in getting the Apple Macintosh computer market. Apple Macintosh which became famous for being able to popularize the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. The company also popularized the use of Macintosh hardware mouse.
Currently we have known the trip using IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium 2, Pentium 3, Pentium 4 (series of CPUs from Intel's creation). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, and others. It all belongs to the class of fourth-generation computers.
Along with the proliferation and widespread use of computer technology in the workplace, then new ways to dig potensia on the computer being developed. With the increased strength of a mini computer, computers can be connected together in a network (net) to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other at one time. Computer networking allows a computer to form electronic co-operation to complete an assignment process. By using direct wiring technique (for example, is like a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, then this tissue can develop into very large networks and growing.
